The cam
variator
How to change the cam variator on a 16V Twin
Spark engine.
By Jaap Bouma.
The
Achilles heel of the 16V twin spark engines has always been the phase variator on
the inlet camshaft. According to an Alfa Romeo service bulletin, there have
been several editions, the earlier of which were particularly prone to
premature failure. A service bulletin (Pages 1 2 3, scans by Henry Yorke) indicates that
the earliest version cannot be replaced without replacing the inlet camshaft.
Later versions can be replaced or even repaired with a seal/spring kit.
Personally I wouldn’t bother with the repair kit, because in my experience the
splines in the variator are also prone to wear. On my car this gave between 1
and 2 mm of play at the circumference of the pulley.
Replacing
the variator is a fairly straightforward job, provided you have the right cam
locking tools to set the timing correctly. If you don’t have the cam locks,
don’t even think about doing this job. Depending on the condition and mileage
of the engine, you may decide to combine this job with some other jobs. The
water pump is an example. It doesn’t have a reputation for failing, but on my
car it had been on the engine for over 195,000 kms, and it’s not expensive, so
I decided to renew it regardless of condition.
Finally, on
a job like this, where you will be opening up the engine on the car,
cleanliness is essential. If you get sand, dirt or grit in the engine you’re
well and truly up that creek. I wouldn’t do this job outdoors, especially if
it’s windy.
What you’ll need
Ricambi (replacement
parts)
The
following parts are essential if you’re going to do the job properly:
- Phase variator
- Timing belt
- Balance shaft belt
- Timing belt tensioner complete
with idler pulley
- Balance shaft belt tensioner
Then there
are parts that may not be too badly worn, but on high mileage engines I would
recommend changing them anyway. These include:
- Camshaft oil seals
- Inlet camshaft bearing shells
(the bearing that the variator runs in, the other cam bearings have no
shells)
- Poly-V belt (PS pump, alt)
- Water pump
Photo 1: The new parts you’ll need. From top left: variator, water pump,
poly-V belt, camshaft oil seals, balance belt tensioner, timing belt tensioner
(white) with idler, timing belt and balance shaft belt. The bearing shells for
the variator are not in the picture.
Tools
The
workshop manual says that you will need a number of special tools. These tools
are available from your dealer, but in my experience you may have to wait for
anything from
The bolts
on the spark plug cover, valve cover and inlet camshaft wheel are of a
Torx-like type called RIBE, but a Torx T40 bit will work equally well and is
more easily available.
The more or
less complete list of tools required is as follows:
- RIBE no. 7 (I think) sockets or
keys OR Torx T40 (both short and long)
- Torx T30 key or socket for
variator solenoid
- Allen keys 5 and 6 mm
- Sockets and spanners in sizes
10, 13, 15, 19 mm (I only use six-sided sockets).
- Torque wrench
- A homemade tool for the
variator and the camshaft pulleys (see picture below)
- A steel pin, 8mm diameter, ca.
10 cm long (4”)
- A bench vise
- Thread locking compound
(Loctite) medium and extra strong
- Non-hardening gasket compound,
non-silicone! (I like Blue Hylomar or Comma Red)
- Lots of brake cleaner, tissue,
rags, brushes etc.
Of course,
the more tools you have the easier the job will be.
Photo 2: Camshaft pulley tool and camshaft locking caps
Dismantling
First step is
to clean the engine bay. Put some layers of cardboard underneath the car to
catch any oil and cleaner. Remove as much of the oily crud that has collected
in all those nooks and crannies waiting to ruin your engine. Drain the coolant
if you’re going to do the water pump, and remove the short hose between engine
and expansion tank.
Raise the
front of the car on axle stands and remove the right-hand front wheel. Remove
the plastic cover plate that sits in front of the crankshaft pulley.
Find the Top
Dead Center mark on the crank pulley and the corresponding mark on the lower
timing belt cover. Turn the engine until the TDC marks line up (put the car in
fifth and turn the brake disc to turn the engine). Remove the oil filler cap
and check that the cam lobes for cylinder 1 are pointing toward the rear of the
car. If they are not, turn the crankshaft another full turn until the timing
marks line up and the cam lobes below the filler cap point backwards. Piston 1
is now at TDC on the compression stroke. The notches on the balance shaft
wheels should line up with the marks on the engine block.
Photo 3 showing the poly-V tensioner bolt, TDC
marks, tensioner indicator and balance shaft notch.
Working from
the wheel arch, remove the poly-V belt. Use a 15mm spanner on the tensioner
pulley bolt (see photo) to push the tensioner back (rotate counter-clockwise),
until you have enough slack to slip the belt off the PS-pump pulley. A second
pair of hands comes in handy here. Remove the belt and bin it.
Loosen the
four allen bolts (6mm) holding the
crankshaft poly-V belt pulley. Check that the TDC marks still line up.
Undo the four allen bolts all the way by hand. Remove the pulley.
Remove the
four allen bolts that hold the lower timing belt cover and remove the cover.
IMPORTANT: Mark the crankshaft toothed pulley and the engine block with paint
to make your own TDC marks.
Back at the
top of the engine, remove the spark plug cover (six RIBE bolts).
Undo three
allen bolts and lift up the coil pack assembly. It helps if you pull the high
tension leads for the secondary spark plugs first. Put to the side as far as
the cables allow.
Pull the
injector plugs and the variator solenoid plug. Unclip the plastic rail holding
the cables from the fuel rail and move the whole thing out of the way as far as
possible.
Remove the
allen bolts from the black plastic timing belt cover, and pull the cover
upwards to remove.
Photo 4: A clean engine.
Do some more
cleaning. The valve cover should be absolutely spotless, in particular around
the edges. Clean out the spark plug wells, as the valve cover tends to leak oil
into them. Clean the timing side of the cylinder head and engine block as much
as possible, especially behind the camshaft pulleys. It should look something
like this:
Photo 5: Belts and pulleys everywhere
Note the
white timing belt tensioner wheel, which is the upgraded type. If yours is
black, be very thankful that it’s still in one piece.
Remove the
belts from the engine. Undo the 10mm nut at the back of the balance shaft belt
tensioner (just above the oil filter), and remove the tensioner and the belt.
Loosen the 13mm nut on the white timing belt tensioner wheel, and slide the
timing belt off of the pulleys.
Undo three
allen bolts (6mm) and remove the timing belt tensioner – idler assembly.
Optional:
undo two 13mm bolts and try to remove the water pump without marking the
cylinder head mating face.
You’re now
ready to open up the engine. Wash your hands, put on a clean boilersuit, and
brush your teeth.
Undo the nine
RIBE bolts and lift off the valve cover. Be careful not to damage the rubber
seal. Use some tissue to soak up the worst of the oil from the mating faces and
the bearing caps. Check the camshafts for wear. The tips of the lobes will be
shiny, but any wear on the up- and downslopes is bad news. Most likely to wear
are the first two lobes on the inlet camshaft, as they sit right underneath the
oil filler cap where sand or the oil filler nozzle at your friendly local
dealer can get at them. Here’s a close-up of what I found:
Photos 6 and 7: this camshaft is pretty much
dead.
Lobe number 1
had been worn away until the valve lift was just a few millimeters (1/8 in)
instead of around 10mm. Amazing that the car still ran as well as it did. Which
meant another trip to the dealer for a new camshaft and 8 new cam followers
(hydraulic tappets). Bugger!
Remove the
camshaft pulleys. The inlet pulley is fitted with four RIBE bolts (I used a
Torx T40 socket), the exhaust cam pulley with a 19mm bolt which is TIGHT (or
should be). Use the pulley tool to keep the pulleys from turning.
Undo the four
bolts (10mm) holding down the camshaft bearing end cap next to the pulleys and
remove the end cap. On these bolts I would definitely use a six-sided socket
rather than the more common 12-sided tools, because the fit on these bolt heads
is quite loose. Similar for the other camshaft bearing caps. Remove the small
oil seal from the exhaust camshaft end.
IMPORTANT:
Mark the inlet camshaft bearing caps (1 to 5). The numbers cast into their tops
are meaningless: I found numbers 1, 4, 2, 4 and 14 respectively. Gradually undo
the bearing cap bolts, undoing all the bolts just half a turn, then all of them
another half turn, until the valves have all closed. (If you remove the bolts
and caps one by one, the force from the valve springs may lift one end of the
camshaft, damaging the bearing cap on the other end.) Remove the bearing caps.
Lift out the
inlet camshaft. Clamp it in a vise with soft jaws (I used bits of wood). Using
the homemade tool, unscrew the phase variator from the camshaft. This may be
very tight, as it’s loctited in place. You may need to use heat to break the
bond, but be VERY careful with this, as you don’t want to damage the surface
treatment (hardening) of the camshaft.
Reassembly
My manual
doesn’t say anything about the variator and how to fit it, but here’s how I did
it. Don’t blame me if it doesn’t work for you.
Clean the
threads in the camshaft and on the variator. Put red Loctite (extra strong) on
the threads of the new variator, taking care not to get any into the oil
channel, and screw it into the camshaft. Tighten with the pulley tool (see
picture) and leave overnight for the Loctite to cure fully. You can continue to
fit it now, but don’t turn or start the engine until the Loctite has cured.
Photos 8 and 9: fitting the new variator to the
camshaft. Be careful not to mark the surface of the variator where it runs in
the bearing and oil seal.
Remove the
old variator bearing shells from the cylinder head and the camshaft bearing end
cap. Clean the bearing recesses and fit the new shells. Put some oil on them.
If you’re replacing the camshaft as I was, take out the cam followers (use a
magnet or your fingers) and put in eight new ones.
Photo 10: the head with a new bearing shell
fitted (left) and the cam followers removed. Note the locating dowels for the
bearing caps.
CRITICAL
STEP: FOLLOW THE NEXT INSTRUCTIONS OR YOU WILL RUIN THE BEARING CAPS AND
CONSEQUENTLY THE CILINDER HEAD!!!!
Put the
camshaft back in with the cam lobes for cylinder 1 pointing up and towards the
rear of the car. Place bearing caps 1, 3, 4 and 5 on the camshaft and GRADUALLY
tighten the bolts most of the way, but not fully. Now fit bearing cap 2 (the
one with the oil supply for the variator). This cap controls the end float of
the camshaft, so jiggle the camshaft lengthways until the cap slots over the
locating dowels. If you just fit it and tighten the bolts, chances are the cap
will catch on the edge of the dowels and you’ll end up ruining the cap as you
tighten the bolts. You have been warned! Once the cap is in place tighten the
bolts on all caps.
Oil the new
oil seals and slide them over the camshaft ends, but don’t push them fully home
yet.
Very
carefully clean the mating face of the camshaft bearing end cap and the head, removing
all traces of the old gasket compound. Put some liquid gasket on the bottom of
the end cap and fit it over the camshafts. Push the oil seals fully home.
Photo 11: new camshaft, cam followers, bearing
caps and camshaft bearing end cap in place.
Refit the
camshaft pulleys, but don’t fully tighten the bolts.
Fit the water
pump, which should come with a new O-ring. This is a bit of a pig, because the
O-ring tends to slip out of its groove, which causes water leaks and
misalignment of the timing belt wheel. Not good. I used a small mirror to check
all the way round before pushing the pump fully home. Use a little Loctite
medium on the bolts.
Fit the new
timing belt tensioner – idler assembly. Use some Loctite
medium on the three bolts. Don’t tighten the nut on the tensioner
wheel yet.
Fit the new
balance shaft belt tensioner, but do not tighten the nut yet.
Remove the
inlet camshaft bearing cap on cylinder 2 (you marked this cap as number 3) and
the exhaust camshaft bearing cap on cylinder 3. Fit the cam locking tools
taking care not to damage them on the dowels.
Check your
temporary TDC marks on the crankshaft toothed pulley.
Now fit the
timing belt around the crankshaft toothed pulley, tensioner, water pump, idler,
and camshaft pulleys. Fit the balance shaft belt around the crankshaft toothed
pulley, tensioner and balance shaft pulleys, making sure that the marks (small
notches) on the balance shaft pulleys are lined up with the marks on the block.
For both belts, make sure that the arrows on the belts correspond to the
direction of travel.
Photo 12: fitting the timing belt with the cam
locks in place.
Refit the
bottom timing belt cover and check that the TDC marks still line up. If they
don’t, fiddle with the crankshaft and the belts and the whole lot until
everything does line up.
Fit the 8mm
pin (see tools list) into the hole next to the timing belt tensioner, and use
that and a screwdriver or similar to set the tension of the timing belt to
maximum (pointy indicator on tensioner points at the steel pin). Tighten the
13mm nut on the tensioner wheel.
Using a
screwdriver or similar, adjust the balance belt tensioner until the indicator
sits in the middle of the cut-out in the hexagonal bolt head in the center of
the tensioner wheel (if you look at it you will understand). Tighten the 10mm
nut at the back of the tensioner bracket. Also tighten the bolts on the
camshaft pulleys, using the pulley tool to hold the pulleys.
Remove the
cam locks and refit the bearing caps. Turn the engine by hand through two full
revolutions, taking care not to let the engine turn backwards at the end of it;
not even slightly!!
Adjust the
timing belt tensioner, reducing the tension until the indicator points at the
little hole in the base of the tensioner. Check that the balance shaft belt
tension is still correct. You should end up with the timing side of the engine
looking something like the picture below. Note the notches on the balance shaft
pulleys.
Photo 13: new belts, tensioners: looking good.
Refit the
valve cover. I like to use liquid gasket on the valve cover gasket, is this is
prone to leaking oil all over the place. Be careful not to overtighten the
bolts, as this may crack the cover.
Refit the
remaining bits and pieces, connect everything up and put in new coolant. Refit
the road wheel, take the car off the axle stands. Go out on a test drive and
enjoy a reborn Alfa Romeo engine. You’ll be amazed at the difference.
The variator solenoid
The phase
variator is controlled by the variator solenoid sitting between the fuel
injectors for cylinders 1 and 2. It’s an electromagnetic actuator that operates
a hydraulic valve against a spring (see photo). On older cars, it may start to
leak oil onto the inlet manifold. I took the opportunity to fix this leak at
the same time that I did the variator, because the valve cover has to come off
to undo one of the solenoid bolts.
Photo 14: locking plate, solenoid and valve
piston with spring.
I found
that there is no seal or gasket on the solenoid. Instead, the bore that it sits
in has an oil drain hole through which oil can flow back towards the sump (see
green arrow).
Photo 15: solenoid bore with drain hole (green
arrow) and recesses edge (red arrow)
On older
engines, crankcase pressure will force oil past the solenoid to the outside,
causing the oil leak. I put some liquid gasket in the recessed edge (red
arrow), taking care not to get any into the bottom of the bore. I then very
carefully slid the solenoid back in, and refitted its locking plate and bolts
with a little Loctite medium. This seems to have done the trick, but it’s early
days yet. Also, it seems to me that the symptom of an oil leak because of crankcase pressure
must be a sign of worn cylinder bores. So the next job looms on the horizon….
Torque settings
General
note: I always use a torque wrench wherever possible. I’m sure that the
mechanic at my local garage doesn’t, and maybe it’s not always necessary, but
it does give me peace of mind. But it’s up to you whether you want to do so or
not.
Crankshaft pulley bolts 21-26 Nm 15-19 lb.ft
Timing belt tensioner nut 24-29
Nm 18-21 lb.ft
Balance belt nut 12
Nm 9 lb.ft
Inlet camshaft pulley bolts 12
Nm 9 lb.ft
Exhaust camshaft pulley bolt 100-124
Nm 74-91 lb.ft
Camshaft bearing cap bolts 13-16
Nm 10-12 lb.ft
Valve cover and timing belt cover bolts 9 Nm 7 lb.ft
Water pump bolts 17-21
Nm 13-15 lb.ft
Variator solenoid bolts 14-20 Nm 10-15 lb.ft
Disclaimer: Ohh, you know, the usual. I wrote
this down from memory. It’s only a general guideline. It may not be complete.
Follow the procedure at your own peril. Buy the workshop manual. I’m not
responsible. Use common sense. Don’t blame me if your engine blows up. You
shouldn’t have tried it in the first place.